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While travelling with a Kamba caravan led by the legendary long-distance trader Chief Kivoi, Krapf spotted the mountain peak and asked what it was called. All three names have the same meaning. Kenya as Mt. It did not come into widespread official use during the early colonial period, when the country was referred to as the East African Protectorate. The official name was changed to the Colony of Kenya in History For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Kenya.
Human prehistory The Turkana boy , a 1. Fossils found in Kenya have shown that primates inhabited the area for more than 20 million years. Recent findings near Lake Turkana indicate that hominids such as Homo habilis 1. Previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey , who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at Olorgesailie and Hyrax Hill. Later work at the former site was undertaken by Glynn Isaac. Evidence was found in , dating to about , years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie , of the early emergence of modern behaviours , including long-distance trade networks involving goods such as obsidian , the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points.
The authors of three studies on the site observed that the evidence of these behaviours is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains such as at Jebel Irhoud in Morocco and Florisbad in South Africa , and they suggest that complex and modern behaviours had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. Notable prehistoric sites in the interior of Kenya include the possibly archaeoastronomical site Namoratunga on the west side of Lake Turkana and the walled settlement of Thimlich Ohinga in Migori County.
The Kenyan coast had served host to communities of ironworkers and Bantu subsistence farmers, hunters, and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production, and trade with foreign countries. These communities formed the earliest city-states in the region, which were collectively known as Azania. This led to increased economic growth of the Swahili states, the introduction of Islam , Arabic influences on the Swahili Bantu language , cultural diffusion , as well as the Swahili city-states becoming members of a larger trade network.
At its height, its authority stretched over the entire length of the Swahili Coast , including Kenya. Mombasa was under Portuguese rule from to and again from to The Swahili built Mombasa into a major port city and established trade links with other nearby city-states, as well as commercial centres in Persia, Arabia, and even India.
Throughout the centuries, the Kenyan coast has played host to many merchants and explorers. Among the cities that line the Kenyan coast is Malindi. It has remained an important Swahili settlement since the 14th century and once rivalled Mombasa for dominance in the African Great Lakes region.
Malindi has traditionally been a friendly port city for foreign powers. In , the Chinese trader and explorer Zheng He , representing the Ming Dynasty , visited the East African coast on one of his last 'treasure voyages'. E, the Masai people moved into what is now modern-day central Kenya, from a region north of Lake Rudolf now Lake Turkana. Although there were not many, they managed to conquer a great amount of Bantu-speaking peoples, who did not put up much resistance.
The Nandi peoples managed to oppose the Masai, while the Taveta peoples fled to the forests on the eastern edge of Mount Kilimanjaro , along with the Kikuyu peoples, although they later were forced to leave the land due to the threat of smallpox. An outbreak of either rinderpest or pleuropneumonia greatly affected the Masai's cattle, while an epidemic of smallpox affected the Masai themselves.
After the death of the Masai Mbatian , the chief laibon medicine man , the Masai split into warring factions. There was much strife between the Nilotic Masai and Bantu peoples; however, cooperation between such groups as the Luo people , Luhya people , and Gusii people is evinced by shared vocabulary for modern implements and similar economic regimes.
The pair were the first Europeans to sight Mount Kenya. Imperial rivalry was prevented when Germany handed its coastal holdings to Britain in This was followed by the building of the Uganda Railway passing through the country. The Nandi were the first ethnic group to be put in a native reserve to stop them from disrupting the building of the railway. While building the railway through Tsavo , a number of the Indian railway workers and local African labourers were attacked by two lions known as the Tsavo maneaters.
But Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck , the German military commander, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible. Completely cut off from Germany, Lettow-Vorbeck conducted an effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated.
He eventually surrendered in Northern Rhodesia today Zambia 14 days after the Armistice was signed in To chase von Lettow, the British deployed the British Indian Army troops from India but needed large numbers of porters to overcome the formidable logistics of transporting supplies far into the interior on foot. The Carrier Corps was formed and ultimately mobilised over , Africans, contributing to their long-term politicisation.
By the s, approximately 30, white settlers lived in the area and gained a political voice because of their contribution to the market economy. On the voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone, 96 passengers died. About black and 60 white colonists reached Sierra Leone on 15 May After they established Granville Town , most of the first group of colonists died, owing to disease and warfare with the indigenous African peoples Temne , who resisted their encroachment.
When the ships left them in September, their numbers had been reduced to " persons, namely black men, 30 black women, 5 white men and 29 white women". Black settlers were captured by unscrupulous traders and sold as slaves, and the remaining colonists were forced to arm themselves for their own protection.
They founded Birchtown , but faced harsh northern winters and racial discrimination from nearby Shelburne. Thomas Peters pressed British authorities for relief and more aid; together with British abolitionist John Clarkson , the Sierra Leone Company was established to relocate Black Loyalists who wanted to take their chances in West Africa. In nearly 1, persons from Nova Scotia crossed the Atlantic to build the second and only permanent Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown on 11 March Clarkson initially banned the survivors of Granville Town from joining the new settlement, blaming them for the demise of Granville Town.
In addition, many continued to practise Methodism in Freetown. In the s, the Settlers, including adult women, voted for the first time in elections. Black migrants elected different levels of political representatives, 'tithingmen', who represented each dozen settlers and 'hundreders' who represented larger amounts. This sort of representation was not available in Nova Scotia. The Crown did not supply enough basic supplies and provisions and the Settlers were continually threatened by illegal slave trading and the risk of re-enslavement.
In some of the settlers revolted. Led by Colonel Montague James , the Maroons helped the colonial forces to put down the revolt, and in the process the Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone secured the best houses and farms. This ended its 16 years of running the Colony. Many recaptives were treated poorly and even abused because some of the original settlers considered them their property. Cut off from their various homelands and traditions, the Liberated Africans were forced to assimilate to the Western styles of Settlers and Maroons.
For example, some of the recaptives were forced to change their name to a more Western sounding one. Many recaptives were so unhappy that they risked the possibility of being sold back into slavery by leaving Sierra Leone and going back to their original villages.
During the 19th century, freed African Americans, some Americo Liberian "refugees", and particularly Afro-Caribbeans , mainly Jamaican Maroons, also immigrated and settled in Freetown. Together these peoples created the Krio ethnicity and an English-based creole language, Krio , which is the lingua franca and de facto national language used among many of the ethnicities in the country. Upon arrival in Sierra Leone, each recaptive was given a registration number, and information on their physical qualities would be entered into the Register of Liberated Africans.
Oftentimes the documentation would be overwhelmingly subjective and would result in inaccurate entries, making them difficult to track. In addition, differences between the Register of Liberated Africans of and the List of Captured Negroes of which emulated the document revealed some disparities in the entries of the recaptives, specifically in the names; many recaptives decided to change their given names to more anglicised versions which contributed to the difficulty in tracking them after they arrived in Sierra Leone.
Sierra Leone developed as the educational centre of British West Africa. For more than a century, it was the only European-style university in western Sub-Saharan Africa. Samuel Ajayi Crowther was the first student to be enrolled at Fourah Bay.
These included Nigerians, Ghanaians, Ivorians and many more, especially in the fields of theology and education. Freetown was known as the " Athens of Africa" due to the large number of excellent schools in Freetown and surrounding areas.
Educated Krios held numerous positions in the colonial government, giving them status and well-paying positions. Following the Berlin Conference of —, the British decided that they needed to establish more dominion over the inland areas, to satisfy what was described by the European powers as "effective occupation" of territories. In it annexed these areas, declaring them the Sierra Leone Protectorate.
In the north, from to , there was a Limba chief named Almamy Suluku who ruled his territory for many years, fighting to protect his territory, while at the same time using diplomacy to trick the protectorate administrators while sending fighters to assist Bai Bureh , a prominent Temne chief in Kasseh who was fighting against the imposition of the "hut tax" by the colonial administrators.
The war was later known as the Hut Tax War. Another prominent figure in Sierra Leone history is Bai Sherbro c. Bai Sherbro was a chief and warrior on Bonthe Island, in the southwestern part of the country. He, like Bai Bureh, resisted the British. Sherbro also sent fighters to assist Bai Bureh in the fight against the British.
Sherbro was influential and powerful and the British greatly feared him. Nyagua c. Nyagua also resisted the British. Realizing that he lacked sufficient strength, he resorted to diplomacy. At the same time, he sent warriors to assist Bai Bureh in fighting against the British.
The British later captured Nyagua, and he was also exiled to the Gold Coast. Madam Yoko c. She employed her capacity for friendly communications to persuade the British to give her control of the Kpaa Mende chiefdom. She used diplomacy to communicate with many local chiefs who did not trust her friendship with the British. Because Madam Yoko supported the British, some sub-chiefs rebelled, causing Yoko to take refuge in the police barracks. For her loyalty, she was awarded a silver medal by Queen Victoria.
Until , Madam Yoko ruled as a paramount chief in the new British Protectorate. It appears that she committed suicide at the age of fifty-five, perhaps due to the loss of support from her own people. Moa River Bridge, Sierra Leone. They designated chiefs as units of local government, rather than dealing with them individually as had been the previous practice. They did not maintain relationships even with longstanding allies, such as Bai Bureh, who was later unfairly portrayed as a prime instigator of the Hut Tax War.
Published caption: "British expeditionary force preparing to embark at Freetown to attack the German Cameroons , the main object of the attack being the port of Duala. Auxiliary native troops were freely used in African warfare. The taxes were often higher than the value of the dwellings, and 24 chiefs signed a petition to Cardew, stating how destructive this was; their people could not afford to take time off from their subsistence agriculture.
They resisted payment of taxes, tensions over the new colonial requirements and the administration's suspicions towards the chiefs, led to the Hut Tax war of , also called the Temne-Mende War. The British fired first; the northern front of mainly Temne people was led by Bai Bureh. The southern front, consisting mostly of Mende people , entered the conflict somewhat later, for other reasons. For several months, Bureh's fighters had the advantage over the vastly more powerful British forces but both sides suffered hundreds of fatalities.
Although the British government recommended leniency, Cardew insisted on sending the chief and two allies into exile in the Gold Coast; his government hanged 96 of the chief's warriors. Bureh was allowed to return in , when he resumed his chieftaincy of Kasseh.
Riots in and involved "tens of thousands" of Sierra Leoneans in the Protectorate. Domestic slavery , which continued to be practised by local African elites, was abolished in The monopoly was scheduled to last 98 years. Mining of diamonds in the east and other minerals expanded, drawing labourers there from other parts of the country. In , the UK government divided the administration of Sierra Leone into Colony and Protectorate, with different political systems constitutionally defined for each.
The Colony was Freetown and its coastal area; the Protectorate was defined as the hinterland areas dominated by local chiefs. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate in , when proposals were introduced to provide for a single political system for both the Colony and the Protectorate.
Most of the proposals came from leaders of the Protectorate, whose population far outnumbered that in the colony. The Krios, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson , opposed the proposals, as they would have resulted in reducing the political power of the Krios in the Colony. Later, Margai used the same skills to win over opposition leaders and moderate Krio elements to achieve independence from the UK. The SLPP, which was then the most popular political party in the colony of Sierra Leone as well as being supported by the powerful paramount chiefs in the provinces, won the most seats in Parliament and Margai was re-elected as Chief Minister by a landslide.
The Dominion of Sierra Leone retained a parliamentary system of government and was a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The leader of the main opposition All People's Congress APC , Siaka Stevens, along with Isaac Wallace-Johnson, another outspoken critic of the SLPP government, were arrested and placed under house arrest in Freetown, along with sixteen others charged with disrupting the independence celebration. Margai was popular among Sierra Leoneans during his time in power, mostly known for his self-effacement.
He was neither corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of his power or status. Margai used his conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials to represent various ethnic groups. Margai employed a brokerage style of politics, by sharing political power among political parties and interest groups; especially the involvement of powerful paramount chiefs in the provinces, most of whom were key allies of his government.
Soon after Albert Margai was sworn in as Prime Minister, he fired several senior government officials who had served in his elder brother Sir Milton's government, viewing them as a threat to his administration, including Karefa-Smart. Sir Albert resorted to increasingly authoritarian actions in response to protests and enacted several laws against the opposition All People's Congress, whilst attempting to establish a one-party state.
Accordingly, they began to consider Sir Albert a threat to the ruling houses across the country. Margai appointed many non-Creoles to the country's civil service in Freetown, in an overall diversification of the civil service in the capital, which had been dominated by members of the Creole ethnic group.
As a result, Albert Margai became unpopular in the Creole community, many of whom had supported Sir Milton. Margai was accused of favouring members of his own Mende ethnic group for prominent positions. In , riots broke out in Freetown against Margai's policies; in response he declared a state of emergency across the country.
Sir Albert was accused of corruption and of a policy of affirmative action in favour of his own Mende ethnic group. Stevens was sworn in as Prime Minister on 21 March Within hours after taking office, Stevens was ousted in a bloodless military coup led by Brigadier General David Lansana , the commander of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces. He was a close ally of Albert Margai, who had appointed him to the position in Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest in Freetown and insisted that the determination of the Prime Minister should await the election of the tribal representatives to the House.
Steven was later freed and fled the country; went into exile in neighbouring Guinea. They seized control of the government, arresting Lansana, and suspending the constitution. They reinstated the constitution and returned power to Stevens, who at last assumed the office of Prime Minister. He was found guilty and sentenced to death, despite the fact that it was Bangura whose actions led to Stevens return to power.
Stevens had campaigned on a platform of bringing the tribes together under socialist principles. Stevens began efforts that would later improve transportation and movements between the provinces and the city of Freetown. Roads and hospitals were constructed in the provinces, and Paramount Chiefs and provincial peoples became a prominent force in Freetown.
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Best Forex Brokers in Nigeria (2022)The earliest recorded version of the modern name was written by German explorer Johann Ludwig Krapf in the 19th century.
| The internet of things investing in future technologies venture | These problems became so severe that the SLPP boycotted the general election ; as a result the APC won 84 of the 85 elected seats. In his first public broadcast to the nation following the coup, Brigadier Bio stated that his support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elected civilian government and his link to ending the civil war were his motivations for the coup. Madam Yoko c. Following the Berlin Conference of —, the British decided that they needed to establish more dominion over the inland areas, to satisfy what was described by the European powers as "effective occupation" of territories. A massive exodus to the cities ensued as their ability to make a living from the land dwindled. For example, some of the recaptives were forced to change their name to a more Western sounding one. Sankoh was a British trained former army corporal who had also undergone guerrilla https://ugotravel.website/mona-crypto/4534-ask-in-investing.php in Libya. |
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| All forex brokers in nigeria coat | In early August Sierra Leone cancelled league football soccer matches because of the Ebola epidemic. The monopoly was scheduled to last 98 years. Inthe English initiated the Triangular Trade when admiral Sir John Hawkins of the Royal Navy transported enslaved Africans — acquired "by the sword and partly by other means" — to the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo on Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea area of the West Indies islands, where he sold them. According to Professor Fyle, there has been evidence of travellers calling the region Read more Lyoa long before before the first arrival of Sintra to the region. Wajir and Malindi were bombed as well. |
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| All forex brokers in nigeria coat | Notable prehistoric sites in the interior of Kenya include the possibly archaeoastronomical site Namoratunga on the west continue reading of Lake Turkana and the walled settlement of Thimlich Ohinga in Migori County. Like Stevens, Momoh was also a member of the minority Limba ethnic group. In the north, from tothere was a Limba chief named Almamy Suluku who ruled his territory for many years, fighting to protect his territory, while at the same time using diplomacy to trick the protectorate administrators while sending fighters to assist Bai Bureha prominent Temne chief in Kasseh who was fighting against the imposition of the "hut tax" by the colonial administrators. Elizabeth cut short her trip and returned home immediately to assume the throne. There was great suspicion that president Nigeria coat was not serious about brokers promise of political reform, as APC rule continued to be increasingly marked by abuses of power. Francis Clinton Tubo Ikagi, chairman of the Odioama fishing community in Bayelsa, where a large part of the Niger river fans out through creeks all forex the Atlantic, told journalists on the scene that he saw a large oil slick on Nov. |
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