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However, should a veteran still wish to exclude their details, they should contact the Nominal Rolls team. How was the Roll compiled? This was followed by the publication of an updated version in , which was also made available on computer disc. The internet version was launched in The current version of the Nominal Roll was gathered from Service records and archival material held by the Department of Defence or other institutions such as the National Archives of Australia or the Australian War Memorial.
Additional information concerning those who died during the conflict was obtained from the Office of Australian War Graves and the Australian War Memorial. Accuracy of the data collection Every effort has been made to ensure that the Nominal Roll is as accurate as possible.
If you believe the information displayed on the website is incorrect please contact the Nominal Rolls team. Where are Service records held? The original Service records contain more detailed information about an individual's service.
What Service documents were used to source this information? No, typically one or more of these documents would be used to provide as much information as possible. However, in the absence of these preferred forms, other official documents held by the Department of Defence or other institutions such as the National Archives of Australia or the Australian War Memorial may be used to gather supporting information.
Where did the information on the Civilians come from? There is no single source of data, such as the Service record, for civilians. Therefore only the name and type of participation is displayed. The data was collected from a number of sources including: Australian Maritime Safety Authority for merchant seamen; Department of the Army; Department of Administrative Affairs for medical teams; Department of Foreign Affairs; Philanthropic Organisations whose members served in Vietnam; Qantas; and The Soldiers Career Management Agency for war correspondents and entertainers.
Is the Nominal Roll finished? The Nominal Rolls team. If you are aware of an error or omission, please let us know. All information is verified against Department of Defence documentation before the Roll is updated. Reunification was not achieved until, after nearly two decades of war, it was forcibly imposed with the military victory of Communist North Vietnam in April As the French withdrew from the region in the mid s, US support for South Vietnam was stepped up.
This was an important development, as in the North Vietnamese sanctioned, and then subsequently supported, a Communist insurgency to destabilise the government and eventually mount a revolution in South Vietnam. The US, Australia and several other countries declared their support for South Vietnam and, in the face of mounting guerrilla successes, soon found themselves under pressure to increase their support by providing direct military assistance to the South Vietnamese. After consulting with the Defence Committee and the Americans, Prime Minister Menzies agreed to commit a small number of Australian troops.
On 24 May the Government announced the dispatch of military advisers to assist in the training of South Vietnamese forces. The only other Australian military involvement at this stage was a single transport aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force RAAF that was sent in with food and medical supplies for refugees.
The AATTV continued in its role of training South Vietnamese troops, and in June the Australian Government announced that the unit would be expanded and that henceforth, advisors could serve in combatant units. This would provide for an increased commitment in Vietnam and also meet other national and regional defence needs. On 10 November , the National Service Conscription Act was passed to reintroduce national service. Whilst this decision was not specifically related to the Vietnam War, the war was a large factor-men conscripted for a period of two years were liable to be sent to Vietnam as well as other locations.
The first ballot for National Service was drawn in March , with the first intake beginning recruit training that June. In early , the Australian Government agreed to dispatch an infantry battalion to South Vietnam. This was the first use of Qantas charters to move troops into and out of South Vietnam, and 'skippy flights', as they came to be known, would continue at regular intervals almost until the end of Australia's commitment to the war.
It was soon built up to a battalion group with artillery, armoured personnel carriers, army aviation and logistical support units. The battalion group saw some heavy fighting, suffering twenty-three men killed during its one-year tour of duty.
This area was allocated to the Australians after negotiations with the South Vietnamese and Americans-Phuoc Tuy was away from the Cambodian border and areas in the north where fighting was expected to be heavier, and it was on the coast, which would enable the Australians to control their own logistical support with deliveries by sea as well as air.
During operations to secure the area, the Task Force suffered its first battle death on 24 May, when Private Errol Noack of 5RAR died of wounds-he was also the first National Serviceman to lose his life on active service. At the same time as the operational base was established, the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group established the logistical base on the coast at Vung Tau.
In heavy fighting at Xa Long Tan, 'D' Company held out for several hours until a relief force reached them. The Australians lost eighteen men killed-seventeen from 'D' Company and one from the relief force-and twenty-four wounded, while inflicting at least dead on the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong force.
This battle asserted Australian dominance on Phuoc Tuy. The Australians' presence in the province was not seriously challenged again, but control of Phuoc Tuy required constant and determined operations by 1ATF both inside the Province and also sometimes in areas of neighbouring Provinces, especially in during the enemy's Tet and other offensives.
Some supporting units also served one-year rotations, while other units were deployed to Vietnam for several years, with the personnel rotated through on deployments of up to one year. In addition, several ground units essential for logistical support and for construction and maintenance of airfields, such as No. A small number of Australian pilots were also attached to US squadrons, usually as forward air controllers. Throughout the course of the main Australian deployment, Hercules aircraft from Nos 36 and 37 Squadrons based at Richmond, New South Wales, made regular supply flights into South Vietnam and, with staff of No.
At the same time, Qantas aircraft chartered by the military delivered many troops at the start of their tours and brought home many whose tours had finished. Parabolic dunes, like crescent dunes, occur in areas where very strong winds are mostly unidirectional.
Although these dunes are found in areas now characterized by variable wind speeds, the effective winds associated with the growth and migration of both the parabolic and crescent dunes probably are the most consistent in wind direction. The grain size for these well-sorted, very fine to medium sands is about 0.
Parabolic dunes have loose sand and steep slopes only on their outer flanks. The inner slopes are mostly well packed and anchored by vegetation, as are the corridors between individual dunes. Because all dune arms are oriented in the same direction, and, the inter-dune corridors are generally swept clear of loose sand, the corridors can usually be traversed in between the trailing arms of the dune.
However to cross straight over the dune by going over the trailing arms, can be very difficult. Also, traversing the nose is very difficult as well because the nose is usually made up of loose sand without much if any vegetation. A type of extensive parabolic dune that lacks discernible slipfaces and has mostly coarse grained sand is known as a zibar. These dunes typically have major and minor slipfaces oriented in opposite directions.
The minor slipfaces are usually temporary, as they appear after a reverse wind and are generally destroyed when the wind next blows in the dominant direction. Draas are very large-scale dune bedforms; they may be tens or a few hundreds of metres in height, kilometres wide, and hundreds of kilometres in length.
Draas are widespread in sand seas and are well-represented in the geological record. Compound dunes are large dunes on which smaller dunes of similar type and slipface orientation are superimposed. Complex dunes are combinations of two or more dune types. A crescentic dune with a star dune superimposed on its crest is the most common complex dune. Simple dunes represent a wind regime that has not changed in intensity or direction since the formation of the dune, while compound and complex dunes suggest that the intensity and direction of the wind has changed.
Dune movement[ edit ] The sand mass of dunes can move either windward or leeward, depending on if the wind is making contact with the dune from below or above its apogee. If wind hits from above, the sand particles move leeward; the leeward flux of sand is greater than the windward flux. Conversely, if sand hits from below, sand particles move windward. Further, if the wind is carrying sand particles when it hits the dune, the dune's sand particles will saltate more than if the wind had hit the dune without carrying sand particles.
The three key ingredients for coastal dune formation are a large sand supply, winds to move said sand supply, and a place for the sand supply to accumulate. Coastal dunes expand laterally as a result of lateral growth of coastal plants via seed or rhizome.
Along the Florida Panhandle, most dunes are considered to be foredunes or hummocks. Animals such as sand snakes, lizards, and rodents can live in coastal sand dunes, along with insects of all types. Further, some animals, such as foxes and feral pigs can use coastal dunes as hunting grounds to find food. All these species find the coastal environment of the sand dune vital to their species' survival.
Over the course of time coastal dunes may be impacted by tropical cyclones or other intense storm activity, dependent on their location. Recent work has suggested that coastal dunes tend to evolve toward a high or low morphology depending on the growth rate of dunes relative to storm frequency. As a result, coastal dunes, especially those in the foredune area affected by a storm surge , will retreat or erode. In those areas with harsher winter weather, during the summer a beach tends to take on more of a convex appearance due to gentler waves, while the same beach in the winter may take on more of a concave appearance.
As a result, coastal dunes can get eroded much more quickly in the winter than in the summer. The converse is true in areas with harsher summer weather. Some coastal dunes, for example ones in San Francisco, have been completely altered by urbanization; reshaping the dune for human use.
This puts native species at risk. Another danger, in California and places in the UK specifically, is the introduction of invasive species. Plant species, such as Carpobrotus edulis , were introduced from South Africa in an attempt to stabilize the dunes and provide horticultural benefits, but instead spread taking land away from native species.
Ammophila arenaria , known as European beachgrass, has a similar story, though it has no horticulture benefits. It has great ground coverage and, as intended, stabilized the dunes but as an unintended side effect prevented native species from thriving in those dunes. One such example is the dune field at Point Reyes, California. There are now efforts to get rid of both of these invasive species.
The conditions on an embryo dune are harsh, with salt spray from the sea carried on strong winds. The dune is well drained and often dry, and composed of calcium carbonate from seashells. Rotting seaweed , brought in by storm waves adds nutrients to allow pioneer species to colonize the dune. For example, in the United Kingdom these pioneer species are often marram grass , sea wort grass and other sea grasses.
These plants are well adapted to the harsh conditions of the foredune, typically having deep roots which reach the water table , root nodules that produce nitrogen compounds, and protected stoma , reducing transpiration. Also, the deep roots bind the sand together, and the dune grows into a foredune as more sand is blown over the grasses. The grasses add nitrogen to the soil, meaning other, less hardy plants can then colonize the dunes. Typically these are heather , heaths and gorses.
These too are adapted to the low soil water content and have small, prickly leaves which reduce transpiration. Heather adds humus to the soil and is usually replaced by coniferous trees, which can tolerate low soil pH , caused by the accumulation and decomposition of organic matter with nitrate leaching.
Young dunes are called yellow dunes and dunes which have high humus content are called grey dunes. Leaching occurs on the dunes, washing humus into the slacks, and the slacks may be much more developed than the exposed tops of the dunes. It is usually in the slacks that more rare species are developed and there is a tendency for the dune slacks' soil to be waterlogged where only marsh plants can survive.
In Europe these plants include: creeping willow, cotton grass, yellow iris , reeds, and rushes. As for vertebrates in European dunes, natterjack toads sometimes breed here. This is due to a number of pressures related to their proximity to the ocean and confinement to growth on sandy substrates.
The crystals left behind by this process are eroded by the wind and deposited as vast white dune fields that resemble snow-covered landscapes. These types of dune are rare, and only form in closed arid basins that retain the highly soluble gypsum that would otherwise be washed into the sea.
They usually indicate desertification or soil erosion, and serve as nesting and burrow sites for animals. Main article: Ripple marks Sub-aqueous underwater dunes form on a bed of sand or gravel under the actions of water flow. They are ubiquitous in natural channels such as rivers and estuaries, and also form in engineered canals and pipelines. The shape of a dune gives information about its formation environment. Ripple marks preserved in sedimentary strata in the geological record can be used to determine the direction of current flow, and thus an indication of the source of the sediments.
Dunes on the bed of a channel significantly increase flow resistance, their presence and growth playing a major part in river flooding. Lithified dunes[ edit ] Cross-bedding in lithified aeolian sand dunes preserved as sandstone in Zion National Park, Utah A lithified consolidated sand dune is a type of sandstone that is formed when a marine or aeolian sand dune becomes compacted and hardened.
Once in this form, water passing through the rock can carry and deposit minerals, which can alter the color of the rock. Cross-bedded layers of stacks of lithified dunes can produce the cross-hatching patterns, such as those seen in Zion National Park in the western United States. A slang term, used in the southwest US , for consolidated and hardened sand dunes is "slickrock", a name that was introduced by pioneers of the Old West because their steel-rimmed wagon wheels could not gain traction on the rock.
Sand dunes move via a few different means, all of them helped along by wind. One way that dunes can move is by saltation , where sand particles skip along the ground like a bouncing ball. When these skipping particles land, they may knock into other particles and cause them to move as well, in a process known as creep.
With slightly stronger winds, particles collide in mid-air, causing sheet flows. In a major dust storm , dunes may move tens of metres through such sheet flows. Also as in the case of snow, sand avalanches , falling down the slipface of the dunes—that face away from the winds—also move the dunes forward.
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